睪丸副睪取精種類

MESA: 傳統微小傷口副睪取精
PESA :  以頭皮針直接副睪取精
TESA :  以23號針刺直接睪丸取精
TESE :  傳統開刀睪丸取精

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Table 1. Surgical techniques for sperm retrieval

	Advantage	Disadvantages
MESA (microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration)	Microsurgical procedure allows lower complication rate	Requires anesthesia and microsurgical skills
	Epididymal sperm has better motility than testicular sperm	Not indicated for nonobstructive azoospermia
	Large number of sperm can be harvested for cryopreservation of multiple vials in a single procedure
PESA (percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration)	No microsurgical skill required	Complications include hematoma, pain, and vascular injury to testes and epididymis
	Local anesthesia	Variable success in obtaining sperm
	Epididymal sperm has better motility than testicular sperm	Smaller quantity of sperm obtained than with MESA
		Not indicated in nonobstructive azoospermia
TESA (testicular sperm aspiration)	No microsurgical skill required	Immature or immotile testicular sperm
	Local anesthesia	Small quantity of sperm obtained
	Can be used for obstructive azoospermia	Poor results in nonobstructive azoospermia
		Complications include hematoma, pain, and vascular injury to testes and epididymis
TESE (testicular sperm extraction)	Low complication rate if performed microsurgically	Requires anesthesia and microsurgical skills
	Preferred technique for nonobstructive azoospermia