•  近 6,000 個基因在 GV 和 MII 階段之間存在差異表達。
• 大約 450 個基因在單一階段中獨特表達。
• ANXA5 在年輕族群中表現增加，它編碼一種與蛋白激酶 C 相互作用的蛋白質，而蛋白激酶 C 是受精事件的關鍵調節因子。
• 精子 ZP 膜的融合將觸發使用鈣作為第二信使的分子變化，導致減數分裂 II 恢復和原核融合。
• 在不同成熟階段的98個卵母細胞中ZP基因（ZP1-4）的mRNA表現顯示，從GV到MII階段，ZP 1、2和4顯著下降，而ZP3表現則不顯著下降。
• 老年女性卵子中發現 PRRG1（一種鈣離子結合蛋白基因）的表達增加，這可能會損害受精事件。
• 從成熟卵母細胞胞質轉移到未成熟卵母細胞後誘導的基因表現改變可能導致鈣損傷，導致受精失敗。
• ECAT1 等基因受損會導致裂解率降低（異常分裂）。
• ECAT1 破壞不僅與成熟受損有關，而且與胚胎發育失敗有關。
• 成熟的卵母細胞被具有不同基因表現譜的卵丘細胞包圍
• 從成熟卵母細胞到細胞質發生改變的卵母細胞的細胞質轉移（CT）無法有效恢復受體 GV 卵母細胞的細胞質成熟度。
• 與未成熟卵母細胞相比，粒線體相關基因（如 COX6B1、COX8A、COX4l1 和 NDUFB9）在健康 MII 期卵母細胞中高度表達。

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10504133/

• Almost 6,000 genes differentially expressed between GV and MII stages [21].
• Around 450 genes uniquely expressed in single stages. 
• Increased in expression for the younger groups, ANXA5 codes for a protein which interacts with protein kinase C, a key regulator of fertilisation events. 
• Fusion of ZPmembranes of sperm  will trigger molecular changes using calcium as a second messenger, resulting in meiosis II resumption and fusion of pronuclei. 
• mRNA expression of ZP genes (ZP1-4) in 98 oocytes at different maturation stages, showed a significant decrease in ZP 1, 2 and 4 together with a non-significant decrease in ZP3 expression from GV to MII-stages [.
• Increased expression of PRRG1, a calcium ion binding protein gene, was found in older women which could impair fertilisation events. 
• Gene expression alterations induced after cytoplasmic transfer from a mature to an immature oocyte could lead to calcium impairment, which could lead to fertilisation failures. 
• Impairment of genes such ECAT1 result in reduced cleavage rates (abnormal divisions). 
• Hence ECAT1 disruption was not only associated with compromised maturation but also with embryos which fail to develop.
• Mature oocytes have been found to be surrounded by cumulus cells with distinct gene expression profiles [14]. 
• Mature oocytes have been found to be surrounded by cumulus cells with distinct gene expression profiles 
• Cytoplasmic transfer (CT), from a mature oocyte to an oocyte with cytoplasmic alterations, was not effective to restore cytoplasmic maturity of recipient GV oocytes [10].
• Mitochondria-related genes such as COX6B1, COX8A, COX4l1, and NDUFB9 have been shown to be highly expressed in healthy MII-stage oocytes compared to immature oocytes.