精蟲染色體異常率約10%
父親年齡越大胚胎異常率越高(主要染色體21, XY, 18, 13)
父親年齡越大合併新生兒異常率亦提高(如列表提高1-5倍)
http://www.rbej.com/content/13/1/35


On average, 10% of sperm cells of healthy male population have chromosomal aneuploidies and include chromosome 21 and 22 [158]. However, this number increases with paternal age [159]. The incidence of sex chromosome disomy 18 significantly increases among older men (>50 years) when compared to younger men [159]. McIntosh et al. reported increased risk of up to two fold among fathers of 50 years and older when compared to the fathers of age group 25–29 years[160]. Table 3 summarizes the effect of paternal age on chromosomal aneuploidies

Table 3
Effects of paternal age on some of the chromosomal aneuploidies
Type of chromosomal aneuploidy	Relative risk	Reference
Trisomy 21	↑	[160]
Trisomy 18	Mixed	[161]-[163]
Trisomy 13	Mixed	[161]
Trisomy 16	No affect	[164]
Trisomy 15	No affect	[165],[166]
47,XXY	Mixed	[167]
45, X	Mixed	[168]

Table 4
Effect of paternal age on various disorders showing effect of age and relative risk ratio
Type of disorder	Disorder	Age (Reference age)	Relative risk	Reference
Neuro-cognitive	Autism	>45(<20)	3.3	[205]
		>50(<30)	5.75	[226]
		>50(<29)	2.2	[142],[227]
	Bipolar disorder	>55(20–24)	1.34	[219]
		Not specified	1.20	[220]
		>45(20–24)	24.7 (Hazard Ratio)	[14],[206]
	Schizophrenia	Not specified	1.47	[207]
Autosomal dominant		>50(25–29)	1.66	[214],[215]
		>32(<28)	3.00	[13]
		>55(25)	5.92	[211],[213],[216]
	Achondroplasia	>30(<30)	3.48	[234]
		>50(25–29)	7.80	[236]
	Apert syndrome	-	-	[235]-[237]
	Neurofibromatosis I	>35 (<35)	1.69	[238]
		>40(<30)	2.9	[239]
	Osteogenesis imperfecta	22-80	1.37	[13]
		>35(<35)	1.62	[240]
		>35(<25)	-	-
	Retinoblastoma	>35(Not specified)	1.73	[241]
		>45	3.00	[242]
Congenital Abnormalities	Cleft Lips	Not specified		[243]
	Anencephaly	>40		[11]
	Transposition of Great Vessels	>45 > 40	1.27	[11]
			1.20
	Ventricular Septal Defects	>35	3.63	[160]
		30–34	1.69
		(25–29)
	Artrial Septal Defect	35-39	1.95	[160]
		(25–29)	1.2
		40–44
		(25–29)
	Neural tube defect	45-49	1.3	[160]
		(25–29)
		>50(25–29)	1.6	[160]
		35-39	0.6	[244]-[246]
		(20–29)
		>50(25-29	2.3	[244]-[246]
	MSA	>35(30–34)	1.33	[246]
	Tracheoesophageal fistula	30-34(<25)	2.55	[247]
		-	3.12	[248]
		-	1.34	[248]
Others	OCD	>40	1.14	[248]
	Childhood CNS Tumor	>35-39	1.11	[248]
		(25–29)
	Childhood Leukemia	>35-39	1.29	[248]
		(25–29)
	Mood disorder	>35-39	1.07	[249]
		(25–29)
	Personality disorder	--	-	[249]
	Mental retardation	-	-	[249]
	Pervasive developmental disorders	-	-	[249]