與單獨 IVF 以及與 Naturals 相比，12 週 IVF + TEBx 在胎盤和整個胚胎中 DNA 甲基化變化和差異基因表現的結果較差。這些變化反映在胎盤形態和血管密度的改變。

與 IVF 和 Naturals 相比，12 週 IVF + TEBx 後代，無論性別，都表現出更高的葡萄糖、胰島素、三酸甘油酯、更低的總膽固醇和更低的高密度脂蛋白，

結論: 胚胎養外胚層切片 (TEBx) 會影響早期發育過程中的胎盤和胚胎健康，有些改變會在發育後期得到解決，有些則會惡化，並引發成年後代的代謝變化。

Hum Reprod 2024 Jan 5;39(1):154-176.

Trophectoderm biopsy of blastocysts following IVF and embryo culture increases epigenetic dysregulation in a mouse model

• trophectoderm biopsy (TEBx) impacts placental and embryonic health during early development, with some alterations resolving and others worsening later in development and triggering metabolic changes in adult offspring. 
• at E12.5, IVF + TEBx had a worse outcome in terms of changes in DNA methylation and differential gene expression in placentas and whole embryos compared with IVF alone and compared with Naturals. These changes were reflected in alterations in placental morphology and blood vessel density. 
• we observed that 12-week IVF + TEBx offspring, regardless of sex, showed higher glucose, insulin, triglycerides, lower total cholesterol, and lower high-density lipoprotein compared to IVF and Naturals, 
• Figure 3. 
  Placental histology for embryonic day 12.5 and 18.5 mouse embryos. Placenta cross-sections at (A) Embryonic day (E) 12.5 using in situ hybridization with the junctional zone marker trophoblast specific protein alpha (Tpbpa), and counterstained with hematoxylin with the percentage of (B) labyrinth zone and (C) junctional zone shown. (D) E18.5 stained with hematoxylin–eosin and the percentage of (E) labyrinth zone and (F) junctional zone indicated.